Archived Copies of Warranty Week

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December 2002 to Today

Worldwide Aviation Warranty Expense Report: Warranty accruals were up last year, but warranty claims continued to fall. It's still too early for the cost of grounding of the 737 Max to show up in the data, but why are Boeing's warranty costs always much larger than Airbus? Meanwhile, Bombardier and Dassault saw significant spikes in their warranty expenses last year, while Gulfstream and Embraer saw slight declines.

October 10, 2019

U.S. Auto OEM Warranty Expenses: Now that the second-quarter financial reports are all in, we take a look at the warranty metrics of the U.S.-based industry that manufactures cars, trucks, buses, and all sorts of other vehicles, both large and small. And while the overall totals and averages didn't shift much, some companies saw big changes in their warranty costs.

September 5, 2019

Top Asian Automaker Warranty Expenses: The recent trend has been upward for the warranty metrics of these Korean and Indian car companies, with some of their expenses setting new record highs. Their warranty costs are far from out of control, but they're no longer low, which is bad for companies known for their lengthy warranties.

August 15, 2019

French Automaker Warranty Expenses: Renault has always kept its warranty expenses low, but three years ago PSA suddenly cut its costs by more than two-thirds. Now they're creeping up again as the makers of Peugeot and Citroen works to integrate the acquisitions of Opel and Vauxhall it made from GM.

Top Japanese Automaker Warranty Expenses: Toyota and Honda continue to recover from their recall-related spikes in warranty costs. But for Nissan Motor Company Ltd., there's not much change to report. The company's warranty expense rates have remained stubbornly close to one percent for more than a decade.

European Auto Warranty Expenses: While Volkswagen continues to recover from a record-setting recent spike in its warranty costs, some of the other top European carmakers have continued to drive down their warranty costs. Six warranty metrics are detailed for four companies over the past 16 years.

Building Material Warranty Report: As we've seen in recent reports, warranty costs are generally far below their levels of 16 years ago. But in the building trades, depending how we break them into groups, the most recent expense rates of the top manufacturers are the same or slightly higher than they were in 2003.

Medical & Scientific Equipment Warranty Report: Though the systems that use lasers or radiation always seem to have higher warranty costs, most of the medical device and scientific instrument manufacturers have cut their costs considerably over the past 16 years.

Automotive OEM Warranty Report: Depending on the metric you look at, the makers of cars, trucks and other vehicles account for between 40% and 45% of the warranty expenses of all U.S.-based manufacturers. But despite their size, their claims and accrual costs have been relatively stable for the past few years.

Sixteenth Annual Product Warranty Report: Warranty costs are rising but sales are rising faster, meaning that the percentage of revenue consumed by warranty expenses remains at the low end of a decade-long decline. But can expense rates go even lower, or are we at the bottom now? A look at the totals and averages in 2018.

Nine-Month Auto Warranty Report: Though the headlines warn of layoffs, neither the sales nor the warranty expense data of the industry suggest any sort of imminent slowdown. On the contrary, many truck, car, powertrain, and automotive parts manufacturers are cutting warranty costs while enjoying rising sales.

December 6, 2018

Chinese Auto Warranties: It's not a topic you hear much about, with good reason. While more new cars are now sold in China than in any other country, most of the top ten manufacturers report that warranty costs are a minor expense. And even though the competition is fierce, warranty remains a minor concern.

October 18, 2018

Civilian Aircraft Report: Warranty expense rates have been steadily declining since 2011 and are now at their lowest levels ever. That means the manufacturers of everything from biplanes to business jets are cutting their warranty costs by remarkable amounts. Meanwhile, per mile, air travel is even safer than walking.

October 4, 2018

Warranty Accruals per Vehicle Sold: Once again, Tesla comes out with the most expensive warranty while Hyundai is the least costly. But the warranty cost rankings of the passenger car and light truck manufacturers in between have shifted somewhat, with the Asian carmakers seeing their accrual rates per vehicle rise and the North American manufacturers seeing their warranty costs drop.

Honda & Toyota Warranty Report: Both companies are recovering from some bad years in terms of warranty costs: Honda in fiscal 2016 and Toyota in fiscal 2017. But according to the figures in their brand new annual reports for the just-finished year of fiscal 2018, both companies are now on the mend, with warranty costs that are still unusually elevated, but not as high as they were a year or two ago.

Building Materials Warranty Report: Warranty costs are generally rising in recent years among the suppliers of building materials, fixtures, and furniture. The latter group has seen the most noticeable cost increase, though expense rates across the industry are still generally on the low side (below one percent of revenue).

Extended Protection Plans:
Breaking Down Risk Management Options: Service contracts sold by dealers or manufacturers to buyers of commercial products such as construction equipment can increase resale value, raise customer loyalty, boost uptime, and lower operating costs. But before extended protection plan sales can begin, the advantages and disadvantages of various risk management options must be considered.

Medical & Scientific Equipment Warranty Report: Though the companies producing systems that use lasers or X-rays continue to report elevated warranty expense rates, their costs have declined significantly and steadily since 2003. But in 2017, their warranty costs started climbing again, and in several respects have hit new heights. With other types of equipment, the outlook for warranty expenses remains mixed.

Computer Industry Warranty Report: The warranty costs of the top U.S.-based computer manufacturers are declining, but not at the expense of their suppliers. Instead, their costs seem to be declining together in parallel, with their expense rates now roughly half as high as they were 15 years ago.

Aerospace Warranty Report: Unlike the automotive industry, the manufacturers of commercial airplanes do not have higher warranty expenses than their suppliers, and do not spend a larger percentage of their sales revenue on warranty claims. But just like those land-based vehicle makers, airplane and helicopter manufacturers have been cutting their warranty costs for more than a decade.

Warranty Claims & Accrual Rates: Among the seven largest warranty-providing industries, only a few have a consistent history of reducing warranty expense rates. Instead, most have seen their claims and accrual rates both rise and fall over the past 15 years, and a few have even seen sustained increases in their warranty costs.

Top 100 Warranty Providers of 2017: While total claims and accruals fell last year, some companies saw their warranty costs soar. By comparing each company to itself over time, we can spot the most and least improved warranty providers. And we can also spot the accounting eccentricities of those few that act like nobody's watching.

Extended Protection Plans: Service contracts sold by dealers to buyers of products such as construction equipment can increase resale value, raise customer loyalty, boost uptime, and lower operating costs. But before extended protection plan sales can begin, dealers have several risk management options to consider.

November 30, 2017

Worldwide Construction Equipment Warranties: With hard data covering almost three-quarters of the construction machinery sold worldwide, we manufactured an estimate of $2 billion for the entire industry's annual warranty costs. But we also found that sales are falling while warranty expense rates aren't changing much at all.

August 24, 2017

Worldwide Aircraft Warranty Report: With warranty expenses that exceed a billion dollars annually, the manufacturers of airliners, business jets, and propeller planes are a major sector within the warranty industry. And over the past decade, they have learned how to reduce warranty costs while increasing revenue, as demonstrated by their declining claims and accrual rates.

Worldwide Automotive Warranty Report: With hard numbers in hand for the warranty costs of roughly 80% of the world's car and light truck manufacturers, we set out to create estimates for the remaining 20%. And not surprisingly, we find that the highest warranty costs are in Europe and North America, with the lowest in Asia.

Asian Automotive Warranty Report: Honda had a bad year in 2016, and this year it was Toyota's turn to report dramatic increases in recall costs. They used to have the lowest automotive warranty costs in the world but now that title belongs to Hyundai, which has yet to see the impact of defective air bags or other rampant problems.

Medical & Scientific Equipment Warranty Report: Anything involving lasers or X-rays seems to have higher warranty costs than other types of medical devices and scientific equipment. But the gap between them has been narrowing for years, and may soon disappear. Meanwhile, several major medical companies don't think that warranty expenses are worth the effort to report, despite rules saying otherwise.

Building Trades Warranty Report: Unlike most other industries, in the new home construction business, the builders have lower warranty expense rates than many of their suppliers. But the makers of appliances and heating/cooling systems are now cutting their costs and narrowing the gap between their expense rates and those of the makers of fixtures, furniture, and building materials.

Electronics Warranty Report: Although not as pronounced as in the automotive industry, and not as unseen as in the aerospace industry, there is definitely a gap in the high-tech sector between the warranty expense rates of OEMs and their suppliers. Makers of computers, telecom equipment, and medical devices have much higher warranty costs than disk drive or semiconductor manufacturers.

Aerospace Warranty Expense Report: Because one major airframe manufacturer has now separated its warranty and extended warranty accounts, the aerospace industry totals and averages are in disarray. However, many OEMs and suppliers continue to cut their warranty costs, setting new record lows for their expense rates.

U.S. & European Auto OEM Warranty Report: While Volkswagen and Fiat have seen their warranty costs rise significantly in recent years, BMW, Daimler and Tesla have driven their expense rates down. And somewhere in the middle this year are Ford and GM.

Automotive Warranty Expense Report: While the individual manufacturers see their claims, accrual, and sales totals change up and down from year to year, some long-term trends are also evident. The carmakers are cutting costs the most and the longest, while the powertrain manufacturers are falling behind other types of suppliers.

Fourteenth Annual Product Warranty Report: Warranty expenses are down but sales are up, which means a lot of companies have learned how to improve their warranty processes, increase quality, and reduce costs. But the cost reductions have become less steady in recent years, as if there's no more progress to be made. Is that the case? Or is this merely a pause before the next breakthroughs arise?

Top 100 Warranty Providers of 2016: While we can't directly compare the warranty expenses of companies to each other, we can compare a company to itself over time, and can then make comparisons based on the rate of change. In doing so, we can spot the companies cutting their warranty expense rates significantly, as well as those whose warranty costs are beginning to spin out of control.

Service Contract Pricing: Appliances: While the typical appliance service contract costs roughly 14% to 16% of the price of the product it protects, there is an enormous amount of variation, depending on which administrator the retailer works with, how long the contract lasts, and whether the product is low end or top of the line.

February 9, 2017

Service Contract Pricing: Microwaves: Built like electronics but sold like an appliance, the microwave oven is a hybrid of two different product categories. And with service contracts costing almost 19% of the product's price on average, it also has one of the highest average costs of protection. And there's a big difference in the cost of protection plans for units priced at the high or the low end of the market.

February 2, 2017

Service Contract Pricing: Refrigerators: The bigger the refrigerator, and the more it costs, the lower the ratio between its list price and the price of protecting it for a given length of time. And the longer the duration of coverage, the more it will cost, though the industry-wide ratio isn't close to a straight line in terms of cost per year.

January 19, 2017

Service Contract Pricing: Washer/Dryers: While it costs a little more to protect washers than dryers, on a proportional basis it also costs less to protect expensive washers and dryers than low-priced units. And while none of the top appliance vendors want to sell one-year service contracts, plenty of retailers and administrators are willing to protect washers and dryers for five or even 10 years.

January 12, 2017

U.S. Truck & Auto OEM Warranty Report: While falling sales drive Navistar's claims rate upwards, Paccar finds ways to cut warranty costs. And both GM and Ford continue to report some of the lowest warranty cost per vehicle metrics in the world, while Tesla gets its warranty costs under control.

Global Construction Equipment Warranties: Half the companies report warranty expense rates that range from 1.0% to 2.3%. The other half are either above or below that range, mainly because most of their revenue and therefore most of their warranty costs come from other industries. And though there's been a few anomalies over the past 13 years, most of these manufacturers report steady and consistent warranty expenses.

Asian Auto Warranty Report: Honda sees its warranty costs soar because of air bag recalls, forcing it to set aside more money for warranty work than GM and Ford combined. Meanwhile, Toyota, Tata, and Hyundai struggle to maintain steady warranty expense rates for their nameplates.

European Auto Warranty Report: Warranty expense rates are climbing for several manufacturers in Germany, Italy, and France. But Volkswagen has set a new record for warranty costs in the automotive industry as it prepares to clean up the diesel engine mess. Daimler is the only OEM showing any stability in its warranty metrics, let alone cost reduction.

Sports Equipment & Consumer Electronics Warranty Report: While they're not the top sources of warranty expenses, there is a lot of warranty activity in these industries. So rather than bury their claims and accruals in the "other" category, let's take a look at the warranty costs of everything from karaoke machines to golf clubs.

New Home & Building Materials Warranty Report: The name of the game is stability. Some of the builders and their suppliers have gotten very good at accurately predicting their future warranty costs and keeping them stable. Others let them rise and fall without much of a thought about warranty management. And it's easy to see the difference relatively quickly in a chart.

Appliance & HVAC Warranty Report: HVAC manufacturers have lower warranty costs but are more cautious than other kinds of appliance makers, keeping a much higher ratio between claims and reserves. But neither group has done much to reduce their warranty expenses, though some companies have cut their costs by hundreds of millions of dollars.

Medical & Scientific Equipment Warranty Report: Though product sales are down, warranty expenses are down by more. And while any equipment that uses lasers or X-rays has higher warranty expenses than units that don't, those manufacturers have cut their warranty costs significantly in the past decade.

Automotive OEM Warranty Report: There were some big declines in warranty costs last year, but it was more a case of getting back to normal after a bad 2014 filled with recalls. Still, the carmakers set a new low for their expense rates, and many of the heavy truck and construction equipment companies also continued to push warranty costs lower.

Declining Accruals in Detroit: This news can't wait for summer: Ford and General Motors set aside less in warranty accruals per vehicle sold last year than ever before. Thanks to a well-timed coincidence of rising sales, falling warranty costs, rising reliability, and reduced recalls, the top two passenger car and light truck makers in Detroit are cutting their warranty expenses to just a few hundred dollars per vehicle sold.

February 25, 2016

Home Warranty vs. Homebuilders' Warranties: When it comes to protection plans, consumers spent over $2 billion on home warranties last year while builders spent roughly $1.5 billion on warranty claims. Home warranties are an essential part of a sales transaction in some states, and homebuilder warranties are a major attraction for new home buyers. But most existing homes aren't covered by a protection plan, and the warranty costs for most new homes aren't reported publicly.

January 21, 2016

Warranty Adjustments: When a company finds that its actual warranty costs are above or below its predictions, it makes a change of estimate and adds or removes funds from its warranty reserve. While in general, removals are good and additions are bad, some companies seem to be correcting their estimates in every single quarter.

November 5, 2015

Using the Internet of Things for Warranty Business: Most businesses looks at warranty as an overhead item. Managers are always under pressure to ensure warranty costs stay within limits. They are on the constant lookout for solutions which can help them manage their warranty costs better. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a concept with many possibilities and something that offers great solutions for reducing warranty costs. This article talks about what points a warranty business should consider before implementing the IoT.

October 29, 2015

Heavy Truck Warranties: Six companies have 12 brand names that account for almost all the heavy trucks carrying freight on the highways and motorways of North America and Europe. And while it's not possible to figure out how much warranty costs on a per-truck basis, all six parent companies do disclose their total worldwide warranty expenses.

September 3, 2015

Warranty Accruals for New Homes: When a new home is sold, the builder sets aside a specific amount of money in the form of warranty accruals to cover its predicted warranty costs. Some builders do a consistently good job, accruing roughly the same amount per home sold from one season to the next. But others raise and lower their accrual rates over incredible ranges that seem to have little to do with predicted warranty costs.

August 13, 2015

International Consumer Goods Warranties: One good reason that not much is ever written about the expense of covering consumer electronics with product warranties: costs generally aren't that high. Except for laptops and smartphones, the expense rates for most consumer electronic products are generally quite low. But there are some big gaps in the amount of warranty data that's available, outside of a handful of top industry brands.

U.S. & Asian Auto Warranty Report: Almost every passenger car manufacturer is reporting rising warranty expense rates, thanks to soaring recall costs. But while some OEMs are seeing their costs per unit rise by a third or even by half, a few are reporting only small increases.

European Auto Warranty Report: In this initial piece of a two-part series, we look at the claims rates and accruals-per-vehicle rates of five of the top European automotive OEMs. Whether we count in euro or dollars, some of them have the most expensive factory warranties in the world. But a few have managed to cut those costs over the past decade.

Honda's Warranty Expenses: Every major automaker gets their turn to suffer from massive recalls once in a while. So now it's Honda's turn. But is it possible that thanks to the apparently high cost of fixing airbag defects, Honda now has higher warranty costs per vehicle than GM?

Electrical Power Equipment Warranty Report: While the warranty expenses of most of these manufacturers are generally low, there hasn't been much of an effort to drive them even lower. However, some companies that are seeing costs increase are still cutting the amount they set aside for the future.

Sports Equipment Warranty Report: The makers of ATVs, jet skis, snowmobiles, and other sports vehicles are very serious about reducing their warranty expenses. But the makers of hockey sticks, helmets, camping gear and other equipment aren't. So for one side of the sports industry, warranty costs are dropping. But for the other, costs remain the same.

Building Materials Industry
Warranty Report: While some sectors have been able to reduce their warranty costs, others have seen them slowly rise. A few have seen costs rise as revenue falls, making warranty expenses even more painful to manage. But some have gotten their costs back under control after seeing them spike in recent years.

New Home & RV Warranty Report: Put a home on wheels and its warranty costs rise. While the warranties on traditional site-built homes typically cost the builder about one percent of selling price, the warranty cost of mobile homes is somewhat higher. And the warranty cost of modular, prefabricated homes may be highest of all.

Telecom Equipment Warranty Report: Some of the four very different segments of the telecom equipment industry are better at reducing their warranty costs than others. But the biggest trend over the last decade has been the contraction of the U.S.-based part of the industry, and the rise of European and Asian competitors in their place, except for the Internet/data and broadcasting/cable TV segments.

Medical Equipment Warranty Report: While most of the companies in this industry have fairly low warranty expense rates, those that deal with either lasers or X-rays see much higher costs. And even those with low costs keep a very thin cushion, so when things go wrong they go very wrong.

Computer Supplier Warranty Report: Data storage system manufacturers have been steadily reducing their warranty costs for more than a decade. But the cost reductions seem to have slowed down in recent years. Meanwhile, for peripheral manufacturers, warranty expense rates are now almost back to normal, following years of elevated costs.

Auto Parts Supplier Warranty Report: Compared to the automotive OEMs, the suppliers have kept their warranty costs low and ytheir expense rates stable. And while some saw costs drift upwards last year, on average the group remained about the same, as they have for the last few years.

Automotive Warranty Report: Dollar for dollar, the cost of a truck warranty is about the same as the cost of a warranty on a much smaller vehicle. But with trucks, the costs are spread more evenly among multiple companies, while with cars the OEM usually pays the most.

Top Warranty Expense Reductions: Using a list of just the top 200 warranty providers, we found one company whose warranty managers have cut costs by a billion a year within a decade, two more that cut hundreds of millions a year, and five that cut tens of millions a year from their employers' annual claims cost. And there were 16 more that deserved honorable mentions for their efforts.

January 15, 2015

Warranty Year in Review: While some companies enjoyed record highs on the stock market, others suffered as rising warranty costs cut into profits. Some even went out of business. And top automakers once and for all proved how useless the TREAD Act is when it comes to protecting customers.

January 8, 2015

New Home Warranty Accruals: While the average homebuilder sets aside about one percent of revenue to cover warranty costs, the average new home is expected to cost around $2,500 over the life of its warranty. Luxury homes will cost more, but even some average-priced units have high warranty costs. It all depends on the builder.

December 18, 2014

Data Storage Warranty Expenses: While the traditional hard drive makers have more predictable and stable warranty costs, the newer solid state and flash memory systems seem to have lower costs. However, their price per gigabyte of capacity is much higher.

December 11, 2014

Auto Parts Supplier Warranties: Of course the drivetrain component manufacturers pay more in warranty costs than other kinds of automotive parts suppliers. But who knew that the automotive electronics manufacturers pay out almost as much as the drivetrain companies?

December 4, 2014

Truck, Bus & RV Warranties: Most of the manufacturers are finding ways to reduce warranty costs, but some of the recent increases have been spectacularly huge. Still, the OEMs pay out more than their suppliers do, though the gap is narrower than it is in the passenger car industry.

November 20, 2014

Mid-Year Warranty Expense Report: By comparing each company to itself over time, and then comparing the size of the changes, we can spot the companies with the most improved warranty costs and those in the most trouble.

October 2, 2014

Homebuilder & Supplier Warranties: Unlike in the automotive industry, where the OEMs have compelled their suppliers to pay a larger share of warranty costs, the homebuilders are reducing their share by selling fewer new houses. It's the building material suppliers who have learned how to cut warranty costs by reducing their expense rates.

September 11, 2014

Computer OEM & Supplier Warranties: Are the computer OEMs paying a growing or shrinking percentage of the warranty costs of their industry? Are the warranty costs of their suppliers rising or falling as a result of their efforts to make them split the bill?

September 4, 2014

Supplier Recovery Efforts: Are the automotive OEMs paying a growing or shrinking percentage of the warranty costs of their industry? Are the warranty costs of their suppliers rising or falling as a result of their efforts to make them split the bill?

August 21, 2014

European Manufacturers' Warranties: While most international manufacturers don't disclose their warranty costs, some of the largest European warranty providers do. And their warranty expense rates aren't tremendously different from those of their American competitors.

Warranty Accruals per Vehicle: Though currency fluctuations are a major factor, in 2013 both GM and Ford accrued less per vehicle sold than any of the European or Japanese OEMs. And though BMW and Daimler command a higher price per vehicle, they've accrued less and less per unit over the past decade as they continue to cut warranty costs.

Sports Equipment Warranties: While the makers of sports-oriented vehicles are cutting their warranty costs, those who make the equipment used by players aren't making much progress. Most of them spend about the same percentage of sales on warranty costs now as they did a decade ago.

Medical & Scientific Equipment Warranties: While most of the companies in this industry have relatively low warranty expenses, those whose equipment involves either X-rays or lasers spend a much higher percentage of revenue on claims. Yet those are the companies that have done the most to cut their warranty costs over the past decade.

Semiconductor Industry Warranty Report: In no other industry is the factory machinery so costly, and so expensive to maintain. And nowhere else does the output of the factory have such low warranty expense rates, compared to the machinery used to make it. It's as if the factory owners have shifted much of their warranty costs onto their equipment suppliers.

Auto Parts Supplier Warranty Report: Turns out it's the large truck and bus manufacturers and their engine, axle and transmission suppliers who haven't done much to reduce their warranty expenses over the past decade. Passenger car makers and suppliers of auto parts besides drivetrain components have done a much better job of cutting costs.

m-ize Transforms the Warranty Experience: For years, cutting costs has been the main focus of warranty departments. As the economy turns around, companies are now changing the focus of their warranty spending onto improving the customer experience. Warranty can drive sales by providing a better service experience to increase customer satisfaction, loyalty, and repeat purchases.

New Home Warranty Report: Sales are rising and home prices are increasing, but warranty costs are remaining the same. So the cost of new home warranties as both a percentage of sales and on a per-home basis are declining, in some cases to record low levels. Is this the beginning of a long-awaited recovery in the new home industry?

January 30, 2014

Computer Warranty Report: Traditional laptop and hard drive sales are declining, while smartphone and solid state storage sales soar. However, the change in product mix is raising warranty costs for some manufacturers such as Apple.

January 23, 2014

Large Vehicle Warranty Report: There's only a very narrow gap between the warranty expense rates of large vehicle manufacturers and their suppliers. And while some manufacturers are reducing their warranty costs, many are simply returning to the expense rates they've had for most of the past decade.

January 16, 2014

Automotive Warranty Report: For the first nine months of 2013, claims are up a bit from 2012 levels while accruals are down. More importantly, the percentage of revenue spent on warranty work is down as well. That means manufacturers expect to see lower warranty costs in the future, as they make more reliable vehicles that cost less to repair.

January 9, 2014

Smartphone Warranties: As with luxury cars, we're finding that the smarter the phone and the more advanced its features, the higher the warranty costs. And some of the smartest phones with the biggest market shares are now driving up the warranty costs of their manufacturers.

Consumer Electronic Warranties: The top companies don't have very high warranty expense rates. Outside of laptops and smartphones, their product warranties aren't all that costly. So perhaps warranty claims and repair costs are not a big deal for most consumer electronics companies

Warranty Accruals per Vehicle: The German OEMs still have the highest warranty costs worldwide, but the Japanese carmakers are no longer unopposed at the bottom. Both Fiat and Ford are cutting their warranty costs to within range of longtime low-cost leader Honda. And Toyota is well on its way to getting back to normal.

Medical & Scientific Equipment Warranties: Most of the manufacturers in this industry have low warranty expense rates, except for those whose products use lasers or X-rays. But while their expenses are higher, they've also done the most to reduce warranty costs over the past decade.

Aerospace Warranty Report: While a huge increase in Boeing's warranty costs is driving up the average for aerospace OEMs, the suppliers of avionics, jet engines, spare parts and other aircraft components are seeing their lowest warranty expense rates of the past decade.

Telecom Equipment Warranties: With so many big companies off the list after acquisitions and bankruptcies, many of those still left are finding it hard to keep costs low. But a handful are making spectacular progress, according to the latest data.

Automotive Warranty Report: Automotive manufacturers are cutting their warranty costs to the lowest levels of the decade. Sales are recovering from the depths of the recession but warranty expense rates are remaining low. However, some of the suppliers are paying more as the OEMs get better at seeking reimbursements.

Tenth Annual Warranty Report,
Totals & Averages: The automotive manufacturers are cutting their warranty expenses while the computer makers are seeing higher costs. But put them together, and they're paying the smallest percentage of their revenue ever for warranty work on their products.

Top 100 Warranty Providers of 2012: While most of the largest manufacturers continued to reduce their warranty costs last year, some saw dramatic increases. Here are the top up and down percentage changes of the year for three warranty metrics: claims, accruals, and reserves.

Addressing Common Business Challenges Associated with Manufacturer Warranties: Proper estimation and accounting of warranty costs isn't easy, but the benefit of doing so is enormous. Actuaries in pursuit of precise and accurate forecasts can employ techniques similar to those used in estimating the financial impact of insurance coverage, and can help a company avoid restatements and other adverse impacts that could threaten its profitability.

January 31, 2013

Service Contracts & Repair Costs: In the ongoing clash between those who sell extended warranties and those who say take your chances, the odds of saving money depend upon the cost and likelihood of needing a repair.

January 10, 2013

Most Improved Warranty Metrics, Part 2: Warranty expense rates have been on a downward trend for most of the past decade. And most of the manufacturers are reducing their claims and accrual rates year after year. Some, however, continue to cut costs faster than their peers.

October 25, 2012

Computer Supplier Warranties: Unlike in the automotive industry, computer makers are not trying to reduce their warranty expenses by shifting more of the burden onto suppliers. Instead, both OEMs and suppliers are reducing their costs by increasing product reliability.

September 27, 2012

Aerospace Warranty Metrics: Unlike in the automotive sector, the aerospace OEMs and their suppliers split warranty expenses more equally, and have similar expense rates. But while the suppliers have been reducing their warranty costs lately, the OEMs are not.

September 20, 2012

European Auto Warranties: Their annual reports tell a simple story: Daimler and BMW are reducing their warranty costs. VW is doing just fine. And Fiat is now absorbing the warranty costs of Chrysler.

Honda & Toyota Warranties: After a couple of bad years, warranty costs at Toyota are getting back to normal. Meanwhile, at Honda, things have never been better, as warranty costs continue to drop.

Navistar's Warranty Woes: Its older engines don't meet EPA standards and need more warranty work than expected. Profits have vanished as costs have risen. Competitors are winning both the technology battle and the court fights. And a hostile takeover attempt may be imminent.

Handheld Warranty Costs: While RIM's costs rise, Apple's costs fall. And while other smartphone makers have reported high warranty costs, Nokia's are only half as high. Is there something about being small and smart that drives up warranty costs?

Average Warranty Costs per Industry: One can get a good idea of the industries where warranty is most important by looking at both the amount they pay and the percentage of sales that those payments represent. And the data suggests that automotive, computers and appliances are at the top of the list.

Semiconductor Warranties: The companies that make the equipment that makes the semiconductors pay for more than half of the industry's warranty costs, even though their sales are less than a quarter of the total. But they've also done the most to cut their costs since 2003.

Telecom Equipment Warranties: The data network gear makers are cutting warranty costs and so are the broadcast companies. But the traditional telephone equipment makers aren't, and some of the satellite and microwave companies are actually seeing their warranty costs rise.

Computer Warranties: While the computer OEMs still pay most of the claims, they've been very successful at cutting the percentage of sales they spend on warranty. Meanwhile, suppliers such as disk drive makers have also streamlined their warranty outlays, but the peripheral makers haven't been so lucky and are watching costs rise as a percentage of sales.

Automotive Warranty Report: While suppliers seem to have gotten a reprieve from escalating pressure to pay a greater share of warranty costs, OEMs are enjoying fast sales growth and a return to old levels. Meanwhile, Ford has decided to begin reporting warranty and recall costs together.

Aerospace Warranties: The makers of Boeings, Cessnas and Gulfstreams haven't made much improvement in the past five years. But their suppliers continue to boost revenue, cut costs, and reduce warranty expenses as a percentage of sales. And that divergence got worse as 2011 ended.

Top 100 Warranty Providers of 2011: While most of the largest manufacturers continued to reduce their warranty costs last year, some saw dramatic rises. Here are the top percentage increases and decreases of the year for claims, accruals, and reserves.

Aerospace Warranty Report: Unlike the auto industry, the suppliers of this industry account for the bulk of its warranty spending. And yet these suppliers have been steadily cutting their warranty costs year after year, while the airframe makers are paying more than ever before.

January 12, 2012

Top 100 Warranty Providers: While most manufacturers keep cutting their warranty costs, some report massive spikes in their claims and accrual rates for the year ended in September. Others continue to recover from past spikes, with some of the largest declines of the year.

December 29, 2011

Warranty Adjustments, Part 2: In the past few years, a small group of companies has made repeated and relatively large upwards adjustments to their warranty reserves. Are they simply bad at predicting the future? Or have they found a way to make their warranty costs look lower than they really are?

November 3, 2011

Warranty Cost Reductions: While the warranty costs of most companies are falling, the causes aren't always the same. The big companies are making the process more efficient. But for many of the smaller companies, the biggest cost reductions seem to arise after mergers and divestitures.

October 13, 2011

Mid-Year Warranty Report: The good news continues into the first half of 2011, with massive warranty cost reductions extending their streak into a ninth straight year. With sales finally getting back to normal, product reliability has never been better, and repair costs have never been lower than they are now.

October 6, 2011

Computer Warranty Report: The bigger the box, the smaller the warranty expense. And when phones get smart, and when computers get small enough to fit into pockets, warranty costs seem to grow proportionally. That's what the industry's warranty claims and accrual data, gathered over the past 8-� years, seems to suggest.

September 29, 2011

New Home Warranty Report: New home sales continue to fall and so do warranty costs. As homebuilders wonder if this is the bottom of the economic cycle, we wonder whether they may be keeping more warranty reserves on hand than they need.

September 8, 2011

Farming & Mining Equipment Warranties: Some of the companies whose heavy duty equipment is used to move the earth exhibit an annual pattern closely tied to the growing season. Others have seen the same recessionary rise in claims costs as the passenger car companies. But a few have been able to consistently reduce their warranty expenses across all cycles, both astronomical and economic.

International Warranty Costs: What you make matters more than where you make it. As in the U.S., the makers of appliances, computers and telecom gear have significant warranty costs. But for most consumer electronics manufacturers, warranty is not such a significant burden.

Warranty Accruals per Vehicle: While we can't say who builds a better car, we can figure out which automakers are budgeting for the lowest warranty costs per vehicle. Worldwide, Honda leads and Daimler lags, but the order of the six OEMs between them is somewhat surprising.

Toyota's Warranties & Recalls: For the first time ever, the automaker's worldwide recall costs have exceeded its warranty costs. And that has changed both what Toyota reports and how it gets reported in the company's financial statements.

Fixtures, Furniture & Building
Material Warranty Report: Sales have fallen but warranty costs aren't falling as fast. Still, it's not as bad as things in the new home industry, because suppliers can fall back on existing home renovations.

Medical & Scientific Equipment
Warranty Report: Though there is a strong seasonal pattern that drives their warranty costs up in the summertime, companies in this sector have generally been able to reduce those costs from year to year. Even the companies making warranty-intensive X-ray and laser equipment have been cutting costs in recent years.

Telecom Equipment
Warranty Report: The makers of network gear are generally seeing lower warranty costs, though their reserve funds are barely able to cover claims. And there's a new market leader, in terms of both the size of their warranty budget and the way they've been able to steadily reduce costs over time.

Disk Drive & Semiconductor Report: Warranty costs are falling for most of the high tech component makers, both in dollars spent and as a percent of sales. And unlike in the auto industry, the computer OEMs are not yet as accomplished at pushing their warranty costs back onto their parts suppliers.

Automotive Warranty Report: After spiking to worrying levels in 2009, automotive warranty claims rates returned to normal in 2010, while the OEMs' accrual rates have never been lower. Their parts suppliers, however, continue to see their warranty costs escalate as the OEMs insist they share a bigger slice of the burden.

Eighth Annual Warranty Report,
Totals & Averages: When sales fell, so did warranty costs. But even though sales are rising again, warranty costs are remaining low as a percent of sales. That reflects a change in reliability, and caps a multi-year success story resulting from the increased attention paid to warranties.

The First Service Contract: A GE appliance dealer sold it to a customer in Chicago nearly 77 years ago, along with a refrigerator that turned out to be highly reliable. Yet the same sales drivers used back then -- peace of mind, repair costs and technological worries -- still work today.

February 3, 2011

Medical & Scientific Equipment Warranties: Though warranty costs have remained within a tight range for eight years, there's a definite seasonal pattern to the data that's tied into the school calendar. And though these equipment makers typically spend a small percentage of sales on warranty costs, some products have much higher averages.

December 16, 2010

Automotive Supplier Warranties: While costs are down, so are sales. And while many suppliers are reporting higher sales in 2010, the proportion between their warranty costs and sales is higher than ever. And that's the unfortunate result of an increased effort by vehicle makers to push more of their warranty costs back onto their suppliers.

December 2, 2010

Automotive OEM Warranties: As sales volumes recover, warranty costs are falling to unbelievably low levels. That's partly a side effect of the dismal truth that there are fewer two- and three-year-old vehicles in use. But it's also proof that those newer vehicles are built better than before and will need less warranty work over time.

November 18, 2010

Aerospace Warranties: Unlike most other industries, aviation product manufacturers didn't see radical changes in their warranty costs during the recession. Yes, there were plenty of ups and downs, but they tended to be tied to new product cycles rather than to the economy.

November 5, 2010

New Home Builders & RV Makers: Even among the survivors of the Great Recession, warranty costs are now rising to alarming levels. And for some builders, home sales are still falling year-over-year. The result is a state of affairs where warranty work is financed from a shrinking pool of reserves.

October 14, 2010

Data Storage Warranties: Sales are once again rising and warranty costs are falling or at least remaining under control, despite longer warranty durations. But while some companies are cutting their warranty costs for real, at least one is merely changing the way it reports the numbers.

September 23, 2010

Japanese & European Warranties: While consumer electronics have some of the lowest warranty costs, computers have some of the highest claims rates. And telecom gear is somewhere in the middle, as a look at eight of the top international suppliers details.

Design for Warranty: Products can be designed so that not only can they be fixed faster, but also so they can be fixed by customers themselves. Given that labor is the major component of warranty claims, product designs that plan for customer self-repairs can cut costs.

Home Warranties & Foreclosures: As the industry looks for a way up from the bottom, home warranties may become a valuable selling tool. Buyers, worried about the damage done by departing owners, vandals, and the weather, might appreciate the coverage of a home warranty. Industry insiders, meanwhile, report that claims costs on foreclosures aren't that different from their other policies.

December 3, 2009

Telecom Equipment Warranties: Though industry sales are down in general, a handful of telecommunications, data networking and broadcast equipment manufacturers have managed to reduce their warranty costs and increase their sales at the same time. But as dramatic as some of the recent cost reductions are, the companies rarely mention either the cause of the initial problem or how they solved it.

October 15, 2009

Medical Equipment Warranties: Doctors, hospitals, and laboratory technicians want sturdy and reliable medical systems, and for the most part the manufacturers that supply them have been steady and predictable. But every once in a while, a massive recall or a production glitch causes warranty costs to spike. And it's when the trend line leaves its historical range that we know there's something wrong.

October 8, 2009

Aerospace Industry Warranties: In an industry that puts a premium on safety and reliability, warranty costs rarely stray far from the baseline. And while many aviation companies cope with the double whammy of rising warranty costs and declining sales, some such as Boeing and Gulfstream are actually seeing sales rise and claims fall.

October 1, 2009

New Home Warranties: One CEO recently said the worst of this cycle may be behind us. In terms of sales decreases and price declines, maybe so. But in terms of warranty costs, the worst is right now, as builders have less cash to pay for warranty work on units they sold at the end of the boom years. And then there's the question of how costly the defective Chinese drywall will turn out to be to replace.

September 24, 2009

Computer Industry Warranties: For most of the major players, sales declines caused relative warranty costs to increase. Turmoil in other industries caused a major PC maker to become the biggest warranty provider in the U.S. And for the lucky few, sales rose and warranty costs fell, despite a tough market full of customers still reluctant to spend.

September 17, 2009

Worldwide Auto Warranties, Part Two: It turns out that Volkswagen, BMW, and Fiat do disclose their warranty data, if one knows where to look and what to look for. And thanks to the help of a reader who's fluent in five languages, we now have hard numbers for the warranty costs of more than half the world's vehicles.

Worldwide Auto Warranties, Part One: Why do Japanese automakers and heavy equipment manufacturers seem to have such low warranty costs? Though sales are down since last year, warranty costs remain under control, according to annual reports filed recently by Toyota, Honda, Komatsu and others.

Homebuilders' Warranty Accruals: Rather than looking at warranty costs as a percentage of sales, would it be valid to calculate warranty costs per home? Using such a metric makes some homebuilders look very precise and consistent, while others look like they're just guessing how much to accrue per home.

Appliance & Building Material Warranties: The economic downturn that started with the homebuilders is showing its effects on the makers of appliances, fixtures, tools, furniture and building materials. But some segments haven't seen very big recent declines in warranty expenses, and some companies have actually seen their warranty costs rise.

Aerospace Warranty Trends: Unlike the computer and passenger car industries, in the commercial aviation industry the customer-facing brand names and their suppliers share warranty costs much more equitably. Then again, these multi-million-dollar jets and helicopters are hardly consumer products. And since safety and reliability are such top priorities, consistently low warranty costs are to be expected.

Auto Warranty Trends: While the RV makers are imploding, the farm vehicle makers are thriving. Somewhere in between are the passenger car and light truck makers, for whom warranty has become an important issue in the government bailout. But the 1.9% gap in warranty costs between OEMs and their suppliers remains firmly in place.

Warranty Improvements: Clever companies are now looking beyond warranty, wondering what else they can do with their data to improve quality and service and further reduce costs. At the WCM Conference in a few weeks, several will report on the status of these efforts.

February 27, 2009

Warranty Trends in 2008: With the filing of the last few financial reports of this cycle, it's time to look at warranty costs by industry. The big story in 2008 is how falling sales have made warranty claims less affordable for some companies. Warranty reserves peaked at the end of 2007, but claims are still rising. And for hard-hit sectors such as autos and homebuilding, the worst may still be ahead.

December 18, 2008

Warranty Cost Cutting: Among the top 100 warranty providers, more than half have reduced the percentage of sales they allocate to warranty costs in the past year. Some have cut their accrual rates by a third, a half, or even more. And many have also seen their claims rates fall, suggesting not only cost cutting but also quality improvements.

November 20, 2008

Warranty Software: SigmaQuest debuts a new root cause analysis module that helps manufacturers reduce the scope of product recalls and cut warranty costs. It's also priced by the month and uses a Web interface to reduce the cost, time and effort needed to begin using it.

November 6, 2008

Telecom Equipment Warranties: Claims are up slightly and accruals are down slightly, as are total warranty reserves. But within the telecom sector are a handful of companies that have seen warranty costs fall significantly in the past five years.

October 9, 2008

Furniture & Appliance Warranties: At the half-year mark, warranty costs are creeping up as sales slowly decline for some well-known brands. But others have seen sales rise and warranty costs fall.

September 25, 2008

Computer Warranties: At the half-year mark, HP is up and Dell is down, while Apple and Seagate keep their warranty costs under control. At Lexmark and Palm, however, already-elevated warranty costs keep going higher.

September 18, 2008

Off-Road Vehicle Warranties: As might be expected, companies selling vehicles closely linked to summer recreation and the growing season show a cyclical pattern in their warranty claims. Those more identified with construction equipment, however, show no cyclical pattern, though several have seen recent rises in warranty costs.

September 12, 2008

Top 100 Warranty Providers: Compared to a year ago, much has changed in terms of warranty claims, accruals, and reserves. Key ratios suggest that some companies are enjoying vastly reduced repair costs thanks to quality gains. However, for the largest manufacturers, the percentage of sales they spend on warranty hasn't changed much.

September 5, 2008

Aerospace Warranties: Though the industry trend is upward, some aerospace companies have managed to reduce their warranty expenses significantly over the past five years. But a few have recently seen their warranty costs go back up.

Computer Warranty Providers: Like a dog that doesn't bark, what hasn't happened to the likes of Apple, Seagate, and other warranty providers in the computer industry is more remarkable than what did. Meanwhile, HP, Sun, IBM, 3Com and Cisco continue to slowly but surely reduce their warranty costs.

RV & New Home Warranties: Sales are declining so claims rates are rising. But a few homebuilders have radically cut the amount they set aside per unit sold, raising suspicions that they're intentionally estimating low. Meanwhile, homes on wheels continue to show higher warranty costs.

Five-Year Warranty Trends, Part Four: Warranty costs as a percentage of sales have remained rather stable since 2003. But while some industries are always below the overall average, others are always above it. And that depends not only on the product being made but also on the maker's spot in the supply chain.

Five-Year Warranty Trends, Part Two: While several of the biggest warranty spenders have compiled remarkably consistent results since 2003 in terms of the percentage of revenue they spend on warranty work, others have managed to reduce their costs considerably over time. And then there are the handful that saw costs rise by remarkably high amounts.

Ford's Warranty Costs: Figures presented at the Warranty Chain Management Conference last week showed a massive drop in the automaker's warranty expenses. But that had much to do with the accounting for the soon-to-be-sold Jaguar and Land Rover divisions. Still, even after adjusting year-ago figures to account for that impending sale, Ford's warranty costs are down significantly.

Automotive Warranties: What once looked like a trend turned out to be a temporary spike. So the gap between the warranty costs of OEMs and their suppliers remains close to 2% wide. But the good news is that warranty expenses are no longer soaring for automotive manufacturers.

January 31, 2008

Top 100 Warranty Providers: While manufacturers' warranty costs shouldn't be compared directly against one another, they can be compared against themselves over time. And when one looks at those with the biggest percentage increases and decreases, one sees the biggest warranty winners and losers of the past year.

January 10, 2008

Warranty Definition: Rather than counting what warranty costs a company internally, manufacturers should instead look at what it costs the customer and the brand image externally. Warranty is an opportunity for a company to listen to its customers, and improve the integrity of its brand image.

Xbox Warranty Costs: For a company that's never reported a warranty expense, Microsoft sure has a problem on its hands, now that it lengthened the Xbox 360 warranty to three years and took a billion-dollar charge to finance those repairs. But outside of the warranty community, does anybody really care?

Automotive Warranties: Thanks to reduced warranty expenses at GM, claims were up only slightly for the auto industry in 2006. With four years of data in hand, it's now possible to calculate typical claims rates by product or vehicle type. And while warranty expenses for some are on a downward trend, others have seen costs rise.

Computer Warranties: Though warranty costs increased only slightly for PC makers as a group in 2006, a few companies saw radical changes in their claims and accrual rates. And Dell's still missing, with no new warranty data in almost a year.

New Home Warranties: Pre-fab and mobile homes have much higher warranty costs than site-built homes. But even for site-built homes, there are big differences between the builders in the way they save and spend their warranty funds.

Semiconductor Warranties: Although warranty costs are volatile across the industry, it's the makers of test equipment and production machinery that seem to pay the most. And it's the chip and circuit board makers that pay the least -- some so little that they don't bother to report it to the SEC.

Product Warranty Claims, 2003-2006: Signs are emerging that suggest a peak in warranty spending by American manufacturers. Is it better management? Shorter warranties? Or could it be nothing more than sales rising faster than costs? With four years of data to examine, there's evidence for each scenario.

Automotive Warranty: For some the trend is up, while for others warranty costs are falling. And those who make vehicles aimed at either summer or winter activities are seeing a seasonal pattern in their warranty costs.

October 17, 2006

Warranty Claims Automation: For a motorcycle manufacturer and a home appliance manufacturer, it wasn't so much that their warranty systems were broke or that their costs were rising. It was just that their old warranty processes were inefficient and couldn't keep up with company growth.

Extended Warranty Advice: An industry expert tells retailers and manufacturers how to get more value from their extended warranty data, possibly helping them to decide what to sell and how to price it based on how much it costs to repair.

Early Warning Standards: Decades ago the AIAG helped set standards for electronic commerce when it developed new data interchange standards. Now it's doing similar work with warranty data communications standards, looking for ways to reduce delays, improve accuracy, and cut warranty claims costs.

Customer Recovery: While efforts to push warranty costs back onto suppliers have met with limited success, a handful of manufacturers have pushed most if not all of their warranty expenses back onto their customers.

January 24, 2006

Auto Parts Warranties: Despite the best efforts of the OEMs to push warranty costs back up the supply chain, auto parts makers still have some of the lowest claims rates around. Notable exceptions to this rule include diesel engines and aftermarket replacement parts such as mufflers.

December 13, 2005

Appliance Warranties: As with computers and cars, warranty claims in a range of 2% to 3% are typical for most appliance brand names. But unlike cars or PCs, warranty costs for appliance and HVAC manufacturers appear to be highly seasonal.

November 22, 2005

Longer Warranties: Sometimes they boost sales and other times they just boost costs. Meanwhile, sometimes shortened warranties hurt a brand's image while other times the changes pass unnoticed. Why the difference?

October 18, 2005

Warranty Report: A white paper commissioned by Microsoft finds that the auto industry needs better communications and collaboration tools to reduce warranty costs.

October 12, 2005

Medical Warranties: Though health services don't come with warranties, much of the medical and scientific equipment used by doctors, hospitals, and laboratories is in fact warranted. But it takes a crisis before most companies will say more than the required minimum about their costs.

September 13, 2005

Early Warning Systems: The benefits, we suspect, are huge. But so are the costs. In an era when investments in new computer software must show a return or else, what will be the ROI for warranty analytics?

Fixing Things: The best way to measure performance is not just by counting the number of failures or adding up the warranty costs. A better alternative is to measure how the product consumes energy to perform each of its functions, and how successfully it avoids failures caused by energy lost to friction, vibrations, or heat. In short, it's a restatement of the second law of thermodynamics.

Automotive Warranty: The Big Three feel the bite of increased warranty costs in the first quarter just as sales begin to fall. But how can companies be compared over time if their accounting standards and even their currencies are different?

Warranty Conference,
Part Five: With extended warranties, a lack of regulations invites inconsistency. But too much regulation could drive up costs. The SCIC's attorney helps states find a middle ground.

The Accidental Warranty Software Developer: Manufacturers pressure an electronics testing software vendor to do more to help them avoid warranty costs. As has happened to so many others, they find themselves pulled into an industry they barely noticed was there all along.

Warranty in Europe: As a major part of consumer protection, warranty has a high priority in the policy of the European Commission. Consumers are protected by mandatory warranty periods of two years, by legal instruments to guarantee access to the aftermarket for automotive spare parts and by stringent rules for product safety. However, increasing warranty costs in the automotive industry may indicate that the reality of product quality has not yet met the requirements of those legal rules. A warranty industry association is needed to satisfy consumers and to reduce these tremendous costs.

Jetliner Warranties: In the good old days, the airlines and aviation parts manufacturers already swamped by regulatory paperwork had little time for the additional bother of warranty claims. But in an era of falling revenue and rising costs, warranty has suddenly become very important to both operators and their suppliers.

Reducing Warranty Claims: Sometimes a company focuses its engineering talent on a manufacturing problem that once solved, results in soaring product quality improvements and plummeting warranty costs. Other times, a company gets lucky as product families mature and installed bases age themselves out of warranty.

February 3, 2004

Controlling Warranty Costs and Exposure: Using Early Warning Systems,
Warranty Becomes a Board-level Issue

January 5, 2004

Ford's Warranty Reserves: Standard & Poor's cut Ford Motor Company's credit rating from BBB to BBB-, citing write-offs at Ford Europe, reduced warranty accruals, and lowered reserves for bad loans by Ford Credit. But were those reduced warranty accruals justified by reduced claims costs?

November 17, 2003

Don't TREAD On Me: Estimates of the cost of TREAD Act compliance vary all the way from the U.S. government's own $89 million figure up to a $1.7 billion estimate recently published by AMR Research. While small manufacturers continue to count their actual costs, the government continues to insist those costs will be close to zero.

November 3, 2003

Warranty Software: There's no heading in the software catalog for it, yet all manufacturers of warranted products have to use it. At Hewlett-Packard, two companies that don't even call themselves warranty software vendors are helping the company manage its warranty costs with analytical tools that weren't designed with warranty in mind.

Windfall for Warranty Managers: FASB requires U.S. manufacturers to include never-before-seen details on product warranty costs and reserve fund balances.

Don't TREAD On Me: Part 2: Service providers and software vendors assess the costs and benefits of TREAD Act compliance.

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