June 23, 2003

More Details on the
Top U.S. Warranty Spenders:

Readers ask for the warranty cost of the 40 largest, with 85% of total warranty spending, to be retabulated on the basis of warranted product revenue only.

In response to reader comments and advice, we're revisiting the percentage-of-sales calculations for the top warranty spenders. The problem is, if quarterly warranty claims cost is used as the numerator and total revenue is used as the denominator, the resulting percentage can be a bit misleading. Some companies warrant almost everything they sell, while others have quite successfully diversified into consulting, repairs and service, consumables, investments, software, and other lines of business that do not usually involve product warranties. The better number to use in the denominator, readers say, would be a figure for just the company's warranted product sales.

Hewlett-Packard Co. warranty manager Bill Alesbury wrote in to suggest that warranty as a percent of total revenue is somewhat misleading. "Its usefulness is its convenience," he wrote, "since it is based on almost-readily-available data. Anyone can calculate it and immediately satisfy the need to understand one�s competitive position, at least ostensibly. But "benchmarking" at this level is loaded with hidden issues such as:

  1. The inadvertent mixing of revenues from lines of business unrelated to the product sale and its warranty. Many companies do not separate them in their financial statements;

  2. The disparity in calculating warranty cost across vendors for things like the company�s cost of purchasing warranty from component and whole unit OEMs -- or how regional and corporate overhead is treated;

  3. The huge impact resulting from differences in the terms and conditions governing the scope of the warranty obligation (e.g. the consumer vs. commercial sales mix); and

  4. The timing issues presented by comparing warranty costs from past revenues and them dividing by current revenues. The far better calculation is to divide the accrual for anticipated future costs by product revenue.

So, unless due diligence is applied to sort though the nuances, the comparisons would be less like apples and oranges more like a fruit salad. The biggest problem of them all is to be unaware of the hidden issues and to regard the data as the gospel truth and immediately actionable."

Comparing Comparables

James Daniel, an aircraft OEM warranty manager who asked us not to mention his company's name, agreed that warranty cost divided by total revenue is a poor measure of a company's true warranty cost? "It is an excellent measure," he wrote, "if we are able to "compare comparables." This measure has the potential to be the best-in-class benchmark measure. Maybe it is the only true measure of warranty performance across an industry.

"The difficulty lies in being able to understand the internal accounting guidelines used by the reporting company," Daniel added. He sent in the following outline of his concerns:

  1. What is (and is not) considered as a warranty cost?

    • Does it exclude goodwill?

    • Does it exclude internal spare parts margins and various handling fees (especially for multinational firms)?

    • Is it net of vendor recovery? Are the warranty expenses the true value of warranty burden as experienced by the customer or are they the net value of a company's ability to recover warranty from its supporting vendors?

  2. What is the total Warranty coverage of the manufacturer?

    • What is the warranty period?

    • What percentage of the product is directly covered by the manufacturer?

  3. For revenue we need to isolate the sales directly related to each product. It should exclude aftermarket revenues such as technical support, spare parts sales, engineering support, technical publications, customer training and servicing.

    • How do you compare the warranty offerings of a Lexus vs. a Kia? For high-end, expensive products, the warranty cost (as a percentage of total product revenues) will be different than for less expensive products.

    • More work has to be done to dimension this metric into meaningful categories, so that again we are able to compare comparables.

"The ultimate measure, but not necessarily the easiest," Daniel suggested, "would be the "warranty burden" as a percentage of total product revenues. This warranty burden would be the value of the warranty transaction as experienced by the customer. It would include: 1) the traditional cost of the replacement part, 2) the cost of the labor to replace the part, and 3) a value for the pain experienced by the customer. This could include but is not limited to the loss of enjoyment of a feature of the product and the outright non-use of the product. In the meantime, I propose that we further analyze the concept of a "warranty month." This would be the total warranty expense of a product divided by the total warranty coverage of the product (expressed in months)."

Daniel also suggested that companies which have not or will not report their warranty activity should be listed in a different category than those which have reported. "All other companies would benefit from a more comprehensive, objective assessment of warranty as a proxy for product quality," he said. "Quality-conscious customers would then have a better chance of identifying those companies that pro-actively manage their products and objectively report their performance."

As both readers wrote, some companies make it easy to "compare comparables," while others do not. What follows is a step away from the fact-driven reports of the past few issues of Warranty Week into the world of estimates, guesses, inventions, and conjectures. The big question is what if all manufacturers had reported their warranty activity as is now required by the Financial Accounting Standards Board in its Financial Interpretation No. 45? And what would those figures look like if all manufacturers had broken their total sales into warranted and non-warranted segments?

Apple Provides a Model

Several of the computer manufacturers made this type of comparison somewhat difficult, because either they reported just a geographic breakdown, or they mixed apples and oranges in a category identified only as "products." Fortunately, Apple Computer Inc. organized its report in a way that helped us create a benchmark for the rest of at least the computer industry.

In its quarterly report, Apple broke out its revenue into segments for hardware, software, and service. Apple said 6.2% of its revenue came from software, and 4.5% came from service. The remaining 89.3% of revenue came from hardware -- computer systems and peripherals that most definitely were warranted product sales. We deducted 10.7% from Apple's total revenue to come up with a warranted product estimate. That still leaves enough revenue in the denominator to keep Apple's warranty cost ratio about the same as before. Without those deductions, the rate is 1.2%. With them, the rate is 1.3%.

Some of Apple's competitors, however, are not as transparent when it comes to business segment information. For instance, Gateway Inc. breaks out its sales into consumer and business segments. Since both types of systems are sold with warranties, this doesn't help us compute an estimate for warranted product revenue. Dell Inc. provides geographic breakdowns of sales in the Americas, Europe, and Asia Pacific, and it further breaks down its sales in the Americas into consumer and business. But at no point does it differentiate hardware from software, or product from service.

For these companies and others that do not separate 1) product from service revenue, 2) durables from consumables, or 3) hardware from software, we're going to have to develop some kind of ballpark estimate. For the sake of this exercise, we'll round off the actual percentages supplied by Apple to a flat 10%, and we'll therefore assume that only 90% of Gateway's and Dell's total revenue consists of warranted product sales. It may be higher; it may be lower. Those with inside knowledge are invited to contact the editor confidentially.

With this new 10% "tax", Dell's estimated warranty cost increases from 2.5% to 2.7%, while Gateway's jumps from 5.6% to 6.2%. IBM and Hewlett-Packard, which both report segment information for their product and service revenues, also saw their rates rise as the denominator was changed from total revenue to just product revenue. HP increases modestly from 3.2% to 4.0%, because around 81% of its revenue comes from warranted lines of business. However, at IBM, more than 70% of its revenue comes from non-warranted lines of business. This artificially suppresses its true warranty cost percentage. Once that non-warranted revenue is subtracted, IBM's warranty cost jumps from 0.9% to 3.3%.

Even at 3.3%, however, IBM remains within industry norms, as does Cisco with its 2.3% rate. It doesn't get scary until you find a company that already had a high warranty cost rate based upon total revenue, which gets even higher once deductions are made for non-warranted revenue. For instance, Lexmark International said its laser and inkjet supplies revenue topped $642 million during the quarter. That's more than half their revenue stream. So we subtracted that amount from their total to leave them with only $466 million in non-consumable revenue (mostly of computer printers and other hardware). The company's warranty cost ratio, which was 4.1% based on total revenue, jumps to 9.7% after the deductions. That means nearly 10% of a Lexmark printer's wholesale price is eaten up by warranty costs. And while everyone from printer to shaver manufacturers will tell you that the big money is in the aftermarket consumables, one can only wonder how sustainable a 10% hardware warranty claims rate will be in the long run.

New Numbers from Dell

It's been only three weeks since the debut of the Warranty Week 500, but already some companies are obsoleting their most current warranty cost figures by filing new financial reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission. We'll discuss a few of these cases below, but for the most part the cutoff for this round of numbers was May 31. We'll do this roundup again in September for all the reports filed between June 1 and Aug. 31, and again near the end of the year for reports filed between Sept. 1 and Nov. 30. It's also likely that more companies missed during this go-round will be added as readers continue sending in their lists of competitors.

That having been said, it's difficult to ignore new news. On June 16, Dell released its actual warranty costs for the three-month period ended May 2: $232 million or 2.4% of total revenue. In these charts, we used a place-saver estimate of $217 million Dell warranty spending per quarter, derived by dividing in four the $868 million they actually reported spending over the course of their fiscal year ended Jan. 31. Granted, spending may have been more or less than that average in any given quarter, but the average was most certainly $217 million per quarter. And it was most certainly 2.5% of total sales over the course of the whole year. But now there's new information available that suggests the company's current rate is a bit lower than it was last year.

Hewlett-Packard, meanwhile, released financial figures on June 12 for the three months ended April 30. While these figures and the numbers Dell reported for its latest quarter came past the cutoff for this report, it still is worth noting that HP said it spent $626 million on warranty during the latest quarter -- roughly 3.5% of total revenue and roughly 4.3% of product revenue.

Computer makers Dell, HP, and IBM, along with carmakers General Motors and Ford are the 800-pound gorillas of warranty. Together they spend nearly 56% of the $5.223 billion in costs reported so far during the first quarter, and together they have put aside $18.3 billion in their warranty reserve funds -- 59% of the industry's total.

Elsewhere, manufacturers such as Sun, Cisco and Lucent made it easy to compute figures for warranted product revenue, while others did not. Neither Whirlpool nor Maytag provide any clues about their sales of consumables or service revenue. While the amount of revenue derived from sales of appliance filters, bags and other accessories may be small, and while the amount of service contracts written by the appliance manufacturers also may be small (remember the lonely Maytag repair man) it probably isn't zero. So let's apply a 10% "tax" to both companies' total revenue. Both companies' percentages increase from 2.8% to 3.1%.

Disk Drives: Nothing But Warranty?

Maxtor, Seagate, EMC, Quantum, and Western Digital report little, if any, non-warranted product revenue. In fact, Quantum reported nothing at all -- its first-quarter 10-Q report is now at least a month late (we're still using estimates derived from the nine months ended Dec. 2002). However, Quantum reported a significant amount of royalty revenue during the nine-month period, which we subtracted from total revenue. The company also reports selling on-site backup and recovery services to end user companies in some cases, but it does not provide a revenue figure for this line of business. Meanwhile, EMC reported $333 million in service revenue, which was subtracted from its total.

Disk drive maker Seagate breaks down its product sales by segment, but reports that 100% of its sales during the quarter were of warranted products. Western Digital states that it operates in one and only one product segment: the hard drive business. Maxtor also reports no service activity, and reports that it even warrants its accessories and drive mounting brackets. So in all three cases, we'll leave the numbers as is.

General Electric reported warranty details in its latest annual statement but said it does not plan to do so in its interim quarterly statements. Since the company reported spending $694 million on warranty during 2002, one could make a case for an estimate of $173.5 million spending per quarter, and one could also carry that estimate forward into the first quarter of 2003. However, there will be no way to confirm the accuracy of this estimate until GE's annual report comes out early next year. When contacted, GE spokesman David C. Frail said the company would not provide further guidance until then. Therefore, we include it here only as a place-saving estimate -- just to make sure GE is included among the leading warranty providers. But we suspect its accuracy, and caution against readers assigning too much validity to this estimate.

Also, GE said that almost all of that warranty spending came out of its power systems division. So rather than computing its warranty cost ratio at 0.5% based on $131.7 billion in total sales, we're computing it at 3.0% from just that single division's $22.9 billion in sales.

A different problem was presented by non-filers Exide Technologies and Cummins Inc. Battery maker Exide went into Chapter 11 last year, and has fallen behind in its financial filings ever since. Diesel engine maker Cummins had a problem with an Oracle software system that has caused it to miss several filing deadlines. We anticipate both will file first quarter reports soon. But while Exide has provided some warranty information for 2002, Cummins has not. Therefore, for now, Exide is in the chart with an old estimate carried forward into the first quarter, while Cummins remains listed among the non-filers. If we had to, we would assign Cummins a place-saving estimate of $28 million per quarter in warranty spending, which would place them around 25th place in the chart -- somewhere between American Standard Companies and Brunswick Corp.

What follows is the top 40 American-based warranty spenders of the first quarter of 2003. Shown are the ending balance of each company's warranty reserve fund, their actual or estimated (these are noted below) quarterly spending on warranty, their warranty cost as a percentage of total sales, and warranty cost calculated as a more realistic (but estimated) percentage of warranted product sales only:


Warranty Spending Estimates
Among Top U.S.-based Manufacturers,
First Quarter 2003

(all figures in $ Millions and percent)


  Warranty Warranty Percent Percent
  Reserve Claims�� Total Product
Company 3/31/2003 1Q 2003 Sales Sales (2)
General Motors Corp. $8,863 ($1,096) 2.2% 2.8%
Ford Motor Co. $5,446 ($834) 2.0% 2.4%
Hewlett-Packard Co. $2,072 ($581) 3.2% 4.0%
Dell Inc. (1) $1,309 ($217) 2.5% 2.7%
IBM Corp. $620 ($190) 0.9% 3.3%
General Electric Co. (3) $1,304 ($174) 0.5% 3.0%
Caterpillar Inc. $705 ($117) 2.4% 2.6%
United Technologies $1,107 ($113) 1.7% 2.3%
Sun Microsystems $269 ($106) 3.5% 5.2%
Cisco Systems $246 ($80.0) 1.9% 2.3%
Whirlpool Corp. $124 ($76.0) 2.8% 3.1%
Boeing Co. $911 ($69.0) 0.6% 0.6%
Lucent Technologies $364 ($44.0) 2.8% 3.5%
Deere & Co. $364 ($58.0) 1.8% 2.1%
Gateway Inc. $55.5 ($46.9) 5.6% 6.2%
Lexmark International $146 ($45.0) 4.1% 9.7%
Navistar International $182 ($44.0) 2.8% 3.0%
Maxtor Corp. $267 ($42.4) 4.5% 4.5%
Paccar Inc. $271 ($42.4) 2.2% 2.4%
Applied Materials Inc. $158 ($39.7) 4.0% 4.0%
Honeywell International $222 ($35.0) 0.6% 0.8%
Seagate Technology $137 ($33.0) 2.0% 2.0%
Maytag Corp. $104 ($31.4) 2.8% 3.1%
American Standard Cos. $319 ($27.9) 1.4% 1.5%
Brunswick Corp. $167 ($21.3) 2.3% 2.3%
Ingersoll-Rand Co. Ltd. $132 ($21.2) 1.0% 1.1%
AutoZone Inc. $90.8 ($20.2) 1.8% 1.8%
Fleetwood Enterprises $61.5 ($19.7) 3.4% 3.6%
EMC Corp. $116 ($19.0) 1.4% 1.8%
Dana Corp. $130 ($19.0) 0.8% 0.8%
Agilent Technologies $73.0 ($19.0) 1.3% 1.6%
Apple Computer $68.0 ($17.0) 1.2% 1.3%
Rockwell Collins Inc. $138 ($17.0) 2.7% 3.0%
ArvinMeritor Inc. $83.0 ($18.0) 0.9% 0.9%
Lennar Corp. $92.8 ($15.9) 1.0% 1.1%
Pulte Homes Inc. $50.5 ($15.7) 1.0% 1.0%
Champion Enterprises $48.2 ($15.7) 6.4% 7.5%
Mohawk Industries Inc. $6.64 ($15.4) 1.4% 1.9%
Avaya Inc. $39.0 ($15.0) 1.4% 2.4%
Terex Corp. $59.2 ($14.2) 1.5% 1.5%
Subtotal & Weighted Avg. $26,921 ($4,450) 1.6% 2.6%
All Manufacturers (750 companies) $32,869 ($5,703) 1.25% 1.92%


Source: SEC Form 10-Q & Form 10-K

Notes:

  1. Derived from annual report data, estimated for the first quarter
  2. All percentages in this column are Warranty Week estimates
  3. GE reported only 2002 data; these are Warranty Week first quarter estimates

Applied Materials reports its revenue geographically but provides no information on product mix. There is no mention of service or investment income, so we are forced to assume 100% of its sales are warranted. However, on June 9, Applied Materials reported even more recent warranty costs for the three months ended April 27 -- a update of the quarterly numbers initially used in the Warranty Week 500 computations. It reported spending $40.6 million on warranty in a period in which sales exceeded $1.1 billion, so that 3.7% rate represents a slight improvement on the 4.0% rate reported in the June 2 issue.

Novellus Systems reported $5.65 million in "other" income, so that amount was subtracted from total revenue. That increased their warranty cost percentage very slightly, from 5.5% to 5.6%.

American Standard Companies broke out their product sales into three segments, and noted the inclusion of service revenue in its air conditioning unit. But while it said the parts and service business was up 5%, the company quickly added that this growth rate was below plan. The company also noted that many budget-minded customers were either fixing things themselves or avoiding commitments to service contracts. Therefore, we estimate there was some service revenue but not a great deal of service revenue. We applied the 10% "tax" just to their $1.08 billion in air conditioning revenue, and removed that from the total, resulting in a slight increase in their warranty cost rate from 1.4% to 1.5%.

Ingersoll-Rand, by the way, is officially based in the Bahamas, meaning that as with Northern Telecom, its U.S. financial filings are purely voluntary. In Note 10 to its financial statement, Ingersoll-Rand breaks its revenue into five distinct product lines, but all products appear to be warranted. Further down in the management's discussion area, the company mentions both sales and service revenue for each of its business segments, although it does not provide any specific numbers. Therefore, we're applying a 10% service "tax" to its total revenue figures to arrive at a product warranty cost ratio of 1.1% -- only slightly higher than the 1.0% computed by using its total revenue number in the denominator.

AutoZone Provides Further Details

AutoZone Inc. and Pep Boys were the only pure retailers reporting any of their own product warranty activity, although Circuit City Stores Inc. and a few others reported significant extended warranty/service plan sales. AutoZone is a specialty retailer that in certain cases warrants the sale of automotive products not already covered by a manufacturer's warranty. In most cases, the manufacturer's product warranty applies, but even in some of these instances AutoZone functions as a cost-incurring middleman. Then there are the consumable parts and accessories which are warranted by nobody. So what AutoZone reports as warranty expense is really a giant mix-up of costs and overhead net of vendor recovery, where most things are warranted by somebody but not always by the retailer itself. Net sales, meanwhile, is a mix of both warranted products and consumables. Rather than trying to untangle this knot, we're going to leave the company's total revenue figures alone for now, and ask readers for advice on how to proceed.

There is news to report, however. AutoZone ended its fiscal quarters on Feb. 15 and May 10, and published its 10-Q reports on March 19 and June 11, respectively. Warranty Week used the figures filed in March for this round of chart-making, and will use the newer figures in the next round. However, it's worth noting that while the company initially reported warranty spending of $44.1 million for the six months between Aug. 31, 2000 and Feb. 15, 2003, in the latest report it provided more modular figures for the nine months between August and May, broken out into three distinct quarterly segments. Spending last fall was $23.9 million. Spending in the winter quarter was $20.2 million. And spending in the spring quarter was $22.3 million.

Absent better information, Warranty Week initially estimated that the $44.1 million spent on warranty during the six months occurred at a constant rate -- $22.05 million in the fall and $22.05 million in the winter. Now that we know it was actually a $23.9m/$20.2m split, we're modifying our figures accordingly. This drops their warranty cost from the 1.9% rate computed for the six months to 1.8% computed just for the latter three months of that same period. It also knocks them a few notches down the list of top warranty spenders, to a slot behind Brunswick and Ingersoll-Rand. By the way, in the latest period ending May 10, AutoZone's warranty cost continued to inch downward, to only 1.7% of total sales. More on that in next quarter's report.

Mohawk Industries reported a mix of product revenues coming from its own operations as well as from the acquisition of the Dal-Tile Corp. Mohawk, best known as a manufacturer of carpeting and other floor coverings, reported $276.6 million in sales by Dal-Tile, of a mix of ceramic, porcelain, and stone tiles. We're going to assume the carpets are warranted and the tiles are not, and reduce Mohawk's warranted product revenue accordingly. That changes its warranty cost ratio from 1.4% of total sales to 1.9% of just the warranted portion of sales.

Big Companies with Little Warranty Spending

Down below the top warranty spenders are a few very large companies which reported very low amounts of warranty spending. For instance, during the first quarter E.I. du Pont reported spending only $3 million on sales of nearly $7.2 billion -- an impossibly low 0.04% rate. Office furniture maker Steelcase Inc. reported spending only $2.7 million on nearly $2.6 billion in fiscal year sales -- an 0.1% rate. Eastman Kodak reported spending $12 million on quarterly sales of $2.74 billion - an 0.4% rate.

The du Pont mystery was easily solved with the help of corporate spokespersons G. Irvin Lipp and Carol Gee. Both suspected and later confirmed that only the Stainmaster carpets, the Teflon fabric protectors, and the Corian surfaces were sold with product warranties. The rest of the product line consists primarily of chemicals and raw materials that are not normally covered by product warranties.

Stainmaster comes out of du Pont Nylon, which is part of the Textiles & Interiors Group. Teflon fabric protector is part of Chemical Solutions, within the Safety & Protection Group. Corian comes out of du Pont Surfaces, which also is part of the Safety & Protection Group. Textiles & Interiors reported sales of $1.7 billion; Safety & Protection reported sales of $985 million. Using just those revenue figures, du Pont's $3 million in warranty cost rises to a still-low 0.1% of sales. We suspect the figure would be much higher if du Pont released sales figures for just Stainmaster, Teflon, and Corian, but those figures are not available.

At Steelcase, there was no mystery at all. Spokeswoman Mary Underwood said the figures are accurate as is. "Everything we sell is covered by a Steelcase product warranty," she said. "The only exceptions are items that are considered consumables," such as light bulbs and ballasts. Added Mark Baker, the company's vice president of operations, "Our relatively low warranty costs are due to a combination of the high quality and durability of Steelcase products coupled with an intense focus on all elements of our costs to ensure that all warranty claims are valid." So there you have it: best practices in a single sentence. To understand how shockingly low the company's 0.1% figure is, consider that competitor Herman Miller Inc. spent almost as much money on warranty in a single quarter as Steelcase did in an entire year. Herman Miller's warranty cost percentage was more than eight times higher as a result.

Eastman Kodak, meanwhile, dismissed the whole idea of helping Warranty Week narrow down revenue figures to just those covered by product warranties. In an email message, Kodak spokesman Anthony Sanzio cited a note in Eastman Kodak's financial filings that states "The Company has warranty obligations in connection with the sale of its equipment," and went on to state that "providing a detailed list of the equipment would take some time to pull together." He did not take any time to respond to further inquiries.

So we had to work on our own estimate. On the Kodak Web site, we found warranted digital cameras, printers, imaging systems, and film cameras along with non-warranted consumables such as paper, film, developing services, photo CD production, and software. The Medical & Dental section listed the Kodak Image Station 2000R with a one-year warranty; various models of the Microscopy Documentation System with a one-year warranty; a Professional Digital Photo Printer with a one-year warranty, and the Gel Logic Imaging System with a one-year warranty. Everything seems to get a one-year warranty, even if it's sold to businesses normally looking for three-year coverage for their computer peripherals and office equipment.

Kodak's latest Form 10-Q contains a few warranty clues as well. The note Mr. Sanzio pointed to states in its entirety,

   "The Company has warranty obligations in connection with the sale
   of its equipment. The original warranty period for equipment products is
   generally one year. The costs incurred to provide for these warranty
   obligations are estimated and recorded as an accrued liability at the
   time of sale. The Company estimates its warranty cost at the point of
   sale for a given product based on historical failure rates and related
   costs to repair."

Then the company presents the table in which it lists $12 million in warranty cost for the first quarter, without narrowing down the products covered. Elsewhere in the 10-Q, however, Kodak provides some business segment information. Subtracting out Kodak's stated $1.8 billion in photography revenue and $21 million in other revenue leaves $921 million in medical and imaging systems revenue. However, a considerable amount of those segments' revenues also come from consumables, both X-ray and commercial film and paper. We will estimate two thirds of that medical and imaging revenue is equipment and one third is consumables. Therefore, on an estimated $614 million in equipment revenue, Kodak's true product warranty cost ratio is closer to 2.0% ($12m / $614m), a considerable jump upwards from the original warranty cost / total revenue percentage of 0.4% ($12m / $2.74b).

Pushing Extended Warranties

Notably, Kodak's extended warranty activity is more than six times larger than its basic warranty spending. According to the same section of its 10-Q, Kodak's extended warranty deferred revenue fund had a starting balance of $103 million on Dec. 31, minus subtractions (revenue recognition) of $74 million during the quarter, additions (new contracts) of $92 million, and an ending balance of $121 million on March 31, 2003. Therefore, during the first quarter, $12 million moved out of the basic warranty fund, while $74 million moved out of the extended warranty fund. That's a six-to-one ratio. Also, while Kodak put aside $12 million of its equipment sales to cover future warranty costs, it sold contracts worth $92 million for extended warranty service plans during the quarter. That's a 7.7-to-1 ratio. In other words, Kodak is driving customers to purchase extended warranties because the basic warranty coverage period is so brief.

Either way it's measured, extended warranty is much more important at Kodak than basic warranty. And it's not this way at other large companies. One could look at Ford's 1-to-2.8 ratio (the automaker recognized $299 million in extended warranty revenue to $834 million in basic warranty cost during the quarter) as an example of what would happen if Kodak were to cover its equipment with industry-norm three-year warranties. At American Standard, the ratio was 1-to-2.3 ($12 million in extended warranty recognized revenue). At Gateway, which is closer in product line to Kodak than perhaps Ford or American Standard, there was nevertheless a 1-to-2.35 ratio ($20m in extended warranty revenue recognized). In other words, while at Kodak the ratio was more than seven-to-one, at these companies it was between one-to-two and one-to-three. It's one thing to make two or three times as much on extended warranty as you spend on basic warranty. But six or seven times as much? That just seems greedy.

Then there are the companies that did not report their warranty activity. These companies can be broken into four groups:

  1. Did not offer product warranties and/or do not file SEC financial statements,
  2. Foreign companies not required to file financial statements with the SEC,
  3. Offered warranties, but reported only warranty reserve fund balance, and
  4. Offered warranties, but did not report their financials in a 10-Q or 10-K.

Companies in the first and second groups have not and will never file details of their product warranty activity with the SEC. The list of American companies that do not offer product warranties is something that would be so long that it would be best left unwritten. However, there are a fair number of foreign-based companies that through domestic subsidiaries sell warranted products on the American market. Most of the companies in group 2 are Japanese and European automotive and consumer electronics manufacturers. Many employ Warranty Week readers, who no doubt want to see their company's name in print. We have no idea how to begin estimating their quarterly U.S.-based warranty costs, so perhaps some of the readers within these companies will send us their secrets?

Foreign-based Warranty Providers

Here are the largest 50 foreign-based issuers of U.S. product warranties, in alphabetical order: ABB Ltd.; Airbus S.A.S.; Alcatel; Alstom; BMW AG; Bombardier Inc.; Bridgestone Corp.; Canon Inc.; CNH Global N.V.; DaimlerChrysler AG; Electrolux AB; Ericsson LM Telephone Co.; Fiat S.p.A.; Fujitsu Ltd.; Genmar Holdings Inc.; Hitachi Ltd.; Honda Motor Co. Ltd.; Hyundai Motor Co.; Kohler Co.; Komatsu Ltd.; LG Group; Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd.; Mitsubishi Corp.; NEC Corp.; Nintendo Co. Ltd.; Nissan Motor Co. Ltd.; Nokia Corp.; Nortel Networks; Peugeot Citroën S.A.; Philips Electronics N.V.; Pioneer Corp.; Renault S.A.; Ricoh Co. Ltd.; Robert Bosch GmbH; Rolls-Royce plc; Samsung Group; Scania AB; Schindler Holding Ltd.; Schneider Electric SA; Seiko Epson Corp.; Siemens AG; Sony Corp.; Sumitomo Corp.; Thomson Multimedia; ThyssenKrupp AG; Toshiba Corp.; Toyota Motor Corp.; Volkswagen AG; Volvo AB; and Yamaha Corp.

Thanks to the efforts of the Financial Accounting Standards Board and the reporting requirements of FASB Interpretation No. 45, all publicly-held American companies are now required to reveal never-before-seen details about their warranty activity. None of the foreign-based companies listed above are required to report, although some have filed papers with the SEC in order to sell shares in New York. For U.S.-based public companies, Warranty Week has now compiled a list of 750 companies that have filed their latest financial statements in compliance with FIN 45.

Companies in the third and fourth groups are the ones to watch. Warranty Week has a second list of some 150 non-complying companies, which we will check once again in August and November to see if they're making the required FIN 45 paragraph 14(b) disclosures. Of those 150 companies, some 63 filed either beginning or ending balances for their warranty reserve funds. By doing so, of course, they self-identified themselves as warranty-issuing companies. But if they did not disclose the inputs and outputs to the fund, they were added to the group 3 list. Another 87 were companies that never mentioned the existence of warranties even though they have a presence in a manufacturing industry in which product warranties are routinely issued, such as computers, tools & machines, electronics, automotive, or appliances. We have them listed in group 4 for now, but it is entirely possible that the reason they do not file warranty information is because they do not issue product warranties, in which they should be in group 1.

For the 150 companies which we have tentatively identified as non-complying product warranty issuers, however, the absence of information about their quarterly warranty costs limits the accuracy of an estimation of the U.S. warranty industry's size. So we threw caution to the wind, and invented estimates for each company based upon either 1) the size of their reported reserve fund, 2) the spending rate reported at a similarly-structured arch-rival, or as a last resort, 3) by applying their industry's average warranty cost as detailed in the June 2 issue to their total product revenue.

Warranty Week estimates that the 150 missing companies together spent around $652 million during the first quarter on warranty costs. Here are the top 15 estimated spenders, which together accounted for $541 million of that estimated total:


Warranty Spending: Who's Missing?
First Quarter 2003

(all estimates in $ Millions)


  Likely
  Warranty
Company Spending
Flextronics International $50
Emerson Electric $50
Lockheed Martin Corp. $50
Northrop Grumman Corp. $47
Motorola Inc. $45
Solectron Corp. $43
Textron Inc. $38
Sanmina-SCI Corp. $37
Parker Hannifin Corp. $28
Federal-Mogul Corp. $24
Black & Decker $21
Eaton Corp. $21
American Axle & Mfg. $15
Masco Corp. $10
Other Non-Reporters $111
Total Non-Reporters (150 companies) $590


The top five were contacted, soliciting possible reasons for their lack of FASB FIN 45 compliance to date. It's no shock to announce that all five declined to comment. No doubt, they won't enjoy seeing their names in the paper either. One might even suggest that they wish FASB and its warranty disclosure rules would just go away and leave them alone. However, it is hoped that once they understand the process, they will join their competitors in filing details about their product warranty costs. As Mr. Daniel wrote, "quality-conscious customers would then have a better chance of identifying those companies that pro-actively manage their products and objectively report their performance."

As mentioned, the number of warranty-reporting companies now extends to 750. Their total warranty spending for the first quarter (both in cash and in kind) now totals $5.7 billion. The biggest spenders had average warranty costs of 1.5% of total revenue and 2.7% of just warranted product revenue. All manufacturers together averaged 1.2% and 1.9%, respectively. Together, their warranty reserve funds at the end of the quarter topped $32.8 billion (these estimates now includes more than $1.3 billion set aside for warranty by GE, hence the upwards revisions).

If one were brave enough to add in these back-of-the-envelope first quarter estimates for non-reporting companies, and then if one multiplied the new quarterly estimate by four to get an annual figure, one could surmise that at current rates U.S. manufacturers will spend around $25 billion on product warranty cost this year. This estimate would rise even higher if figures were invented for all the foreign manufacturers that sell warranted products in the U.S., but which don't have to report those figures to the SEC in a 10-Q. Could warranty be a $26 or $27 billion industry? Probably. There are several foreign-based warranty issuers with U.S. programs that are likely the size of Ford, Dell, Caterpillar, Boeing, or Whirlpool. Might it be even $30 billion in size? Probably not. But don't ever let anyone ever again tell you that warranty is a small industry.


Back to Part Three   Go to Part Five





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